İsthmia Oyunları

İstmiya Oyunları, (Antik Yunanca: Ἴσθμια ) Antik Yunanistan´da Korint Kanalı çevresinde her iki yılda bir kutlanan Panhellenik oyunalardır.

Eğer ilk Olimpiyat Oyunu´nun başlangıç tarihini M.Ö. 776 yılı olarak kabul edeӀirse İstmiya Oyunları´nın ilk kez M.Ö. 584 yılında oynandığını söylenebilir.[1] Bu oyunların adı oynandığı bölge olan İstmus Korint - Korint Kıstağı teriminden gelir.

Bu oyunlarda en azından M.Ö. 5. yüzyıla kadar kazananlara bir çelenk hazırlanıp sunulmuştur.[2] Bu çelenk çam yapraklarından oluşuyordu.[3][4][5]

Bunun yanında kazananlar bir heykel ya da kaside ile de övülebilirlerdi.[6] Kazanılan bu ödüller dışında Atina Meclisi kazananları fazladan 100 Drahmi ile de ödüllendirirdi.[7]

Köken

Efsaneye göre bu oyunlar bir cenaze töreninin anısına düzenlenmektedir. Korint´in efsanevi kralı ve kurucusunun bulduğu bir ölüyü Korint Kıstağı üzerinde yakmasının ardından Atina kralı Theseus´un bu töreni Apollon´un anısına her yıl düzenli olarak gerçekleşen spor oyunları hâline getirmesi ile biçimlenmiştir.

Geçmişi

M.Ö. 228'de ya da M.Ö. 229'da Romalılar´ın da bu oyunlara katılmalarına izin verilmiştir.[8]

Korint daima İstmiya Oyunları´nın merkezi olmuştur. M.Ö. 146'da Korint, Romalılar tarafından yerle bir edildiğinde bile oyunlar başka devletler tarafından organize ediliyor olmuşsa da Korint´te devam etmiştir. Kentin M.Ö. 44 yılında Sezar tarafından tekrar kurulmasından sonra oyunlar M.Ö. 7 ve M.S. 3 yıllarında tamamen Korint´in ev sahipliği ile gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Yarışmalar[9]

Chariot yarışları
Pankration
Güreş
Kadınların da katılma haklarının olduğu Müzik ve şiir yarışmaları.[10]

Ünlü Atletler

M.Ö. 216'da Tebaili Cleistomachus aynı günde güreş, boks ve pankration dalındaki tüm karşılaşmaları aynı günde kazanmıştır.[11]

Güvenlik

Eğer oyunların yapılacağı dönemde iki devlet arasında herhangi bir anlaşmazlık ya da savaş var ise ateşkes ilân edilir ve ülkenin dört bir yanından atletler Korint´e gelirlerdi.[12] M.Ö. 412'de, Atina ile Korint savaş içinde olmalarına rağmen Atinalı atletler alışılageldiği biçimde spor müsabakalarına davert edilmişlerdir.[13]

Notlar

According to Solinus, the Isthmian Games were reconstituted in the 49th Olympiad (Solinus, Wonders of the World 7.14). The 49th Olympiad began in 584 BC. The Olympic Games took place in July/August; the Isthmian Games in April/May of the second year of the Olympiad. The second year of the 49th Olympiad was from July/August 583 to July/August 582 BC. The date 582 BC is accepted by, for instance Der neue Pauly (under Isthmia).
Ancient Greek σέλινον: Pindar, Isthmian Odes 2.16, 8.64.
“At the Isthmus the pine, and at Nemea celery became the prize to commemorate the sufferings of Palaemon and Archemorus.” (Pausanias, Description of Greece 8.48.2).
“As he was marching up an ascent, from the top of which they expected to have a view of the army and of the strength of the enemy, there met him by chance a train of mules loaded with parsley; which his soldiers conceived to be an ominous occurrence or ill-boding token, because this is the herb with which we not unfrequently adorn the sepulchres of the dead; and there is a proverb derived from the custom, used of one who is dangerously sick, that he has need of nothing but parsley. So to ease their minds, and free them from any superstitious thoughts or forebodings of evil, Timoleon halted, and concluded an address suitable to the occasion, by saying, that a garland of triumph was here luckily brought them, and had fallen into their hands of its own accord, as an anticipation of victory: the same with which the Corinthians crown the victors in the Isthmian games, accounting chaplets of parsley the sacred wreath proper to their country; parsley being at that time still the emblem of victory at the Isthmian, as it is now at the Nemean sports; and it is not so very long ago that the pine first began to be used in its place.” “26. (1.) Ἀναβαίνοντι δ’ αὐτῷ πρὸς λόφον, ὃν ὑπερβαλόντες ἔμελλον κατ‑ όψεσθαι τὸ στράτευμα καὶ τὴν δύναμιν τῶν πολεμίων, ἐμβάλλουσιν ἡμίονοι (2.) σέλινα κομίζοντες, καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις εἰσῆλθε πονηρὸν εἶναι τὸ ση‑ μεῖον, ὅτι τὰ μνήματα τῶν νεκρῶν εἰώθαμεν ἐπιεικῶς στεφανοῦν σελί‑ νοις· καὶ παροιμία τις ἐκ τούτου γέγονε, τὸν ἐπισφαλῶς νοσοῦντα δεῖσθαι (3.) [τοῦτον] τοῦ σελίνου. βουλόμενος οὖν αὐτοὺς ἀπαλλάξαι τῆς δεισιδαιμο‑ νίας καὶ τὴν δυσελπιστίαν ἀφελεῖν, ὁ Τιμολέων ἐπιστήσας τὴν πορείαν ἄλλα τε <πολλὰ> πρέποντα τῷ καιρῷ διελέχθη, καὶ τὸν στέφανον αὐτοῖς ἔφη πρὸ τῆς νίκης κομιζόμενον αὐτομάτως εἰς τὰς χεῖρας ἥκειν, ᾧπερ Κορίνθιοι στεφανοῦσι τοὺς Ἴσθμια νικῶντας, ἱερὸν καὶ πάτριον στέμμα (5) (4.) <τὸ> τοῦ σελίνου νομίζοντες. ἔτι γὰρ τότε τῶν Ἰσθμίων, ὥσπερ νῦν τῶν (5.) Νεμείων, τὸ σέλινον ἦν στέφανος, οὐ πάλαι δ’ ἡ πίτυς γέγονεν.” (Plutarch, Life of Timoleon 8 Şubat 2005 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.).
Todo: Oscar Broneer, ‘The Isthmian victory crown’, American Journal of Archaeology 66 (1962), pp.259–263.
Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.1.7. None of the statues have survived.
From Solon (638–558 BC) onwards, for he laid it down that “the victor in the Isthmian games was to be paid a hundred drachmas, and the Olympic victor five hundred” (Plutarch, Live of Solon 23.3). According to Diogenes Laertius, Solon “diminished the honours paid to Athletes who were victorious in the games, fixing the prize for a victor at Olympia at five hundred drachmae, and for one who conquered at the Isthmian games at one hundred” (Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Philosophers 1.55: Solon 2 Eylül 2010 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.; Greek). For comparison: the daily wage for a skilled worked was approximately 1 drachma. Victors in the Isthmian games were not included in those athletes that were entitled to free meals in the [Prytaneion] (IG I³ 131).
Polybius, Histories 2.12.8.
Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.2.4.
Aristomache, a poetess from Erythraea, had won the prize at the Isthmian Games: … ὡς ἐν τῷ Σικυωνίων θησαυρῷ χρυσοῦν ἀνέκειτο βιβλίον Ἀριστομάχης ἀνάθημα τῆς Ἐρυθραίας ἐπικῷ … ποιήματι δὶς Ἴσθμια νενικηκυίας (Plutarch, Symposiacs/Quaestiones convivales 675b7–10 5.2 5 Ocak 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.).
Pausanias, Description of Greece 6.15.3.
”ἐς ὃ Ἰσθμικὰς σπονδὰς Κορινθίων ἐπαγγειλάντων” (Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.2.1).
Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.10.

Dış bağlantılar

The Sanctuary of Poseidon at the Hellenic Ministry of Culture3 Şubat 2007 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. (İngilizce)
Archaeological Museum of Isthmia.
University of Chicago Excavations at Isthmia.
Perseus Site Catalog: Isthmia.
Britannica 1911: Classical games29 Mart 2007 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.

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[1] According to Solinus, the Isthmian Games were reconstituted in the 49th Olympiad (Solinus, Wonders of the World 7.14). The 49th Olympiad began in 584 BC. The Olympic Games took place in July/August; the Isthmian Games in April/May of the second year of the Olympiad. The second year of the 49th Olympiad was from July/August 583 to July/August 582 BC. The date 582 BC is accepted by, for instance Der neue Pauly (under Isthmia).

[2] Ancient Greek σέλινον: Pindar, Isthmian Odes 2.16, 8.64.

[3] “At the Isthmus the pine, and at Nemea celery became the prize to commemorate the sufferings of Palaemon and Archemorus.” (Pausanias, Description of Greece 8.48.2).

[4] “As he was marching up an ascent, from the top of which they expected to have a view of the army and of the strength of the enemy, there met him by chance a train of mules loaded with parsley; which his soldiers conceived to be an ominous occurrence or ill-boding token, because this is the herb with which we not unfrequently adorn the sepulchres of the dead; and there is a proverb derived from the custom, used of one who is dangerously sick, that he has need of nothing but parsley. So to ease their minds, and free them from any superstitious thoughts or forebodings of evil, Timoleon halted, and concluded an address suitable to the occasion, by saying, that a garland of triumph was here luckily brought them, and had fallen into their hands of its own accord, as an anticipation of victory: the same with which the Corinthians crown the victors in the Isthmian games, accounting chaplets of parsley the sacred wreath proper to their country; parsley being at that time still the emblem of victory at the Isthmian, as it is now at the Nemean sports; and it is not so very long ago that the pine first began to be used in its place.” “26. (1.) Ἀναβαίνοντι δ’ αὐτῷ πρὸς λόφον, ὃν ὑπερβαλόντες ἔμελλον κατ‑ όψεσθαι τὸ στράτευμα καὶ τὴν δύναμιν τῶν πολεμίων, ἐμβάλλουσιν ἡμίονοι (2.) σέλινα κομίζοντες, καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις εἰσῆλθε πονηρὸν εἶναι τὸ ση‑ μεῖον, ὅτι τὰ μνήματα τῶν νεκρῶν εἰώθαμεν ἐπιεικῶς στεφανοῦν σελί‑ νοις· καὶ παροιμία τις ἐκ τούτου γέγονε, τὸν ἐπισφαλῶς νοσοῦντα δεῖσθαι (3.) [τοῦτον] τοῦ σελίνου. βουλόμενος οὖν αὐτοὺς ἀπαλλάξαι τῆς δεισιδαιμο‑ νίας καὶ τὴν δυσελπιστίαν ἀφελεῖν, ὁ Τιμολέων ἐπιστήσας τὴν πορείαν ἄλλα τε <πολλὰ> πρέποντα τῷ καιρῷ διελέχθη, καὶ τὸν στέφανον αὐτοῖς ἔφη πρὸ τῆς νίκης κομιζόμενον αὐτομάτως εἰς τὰς χεῖρας ἥκειν, ᾧπερ Κορίνθιοι στεφανοῦσι τοὺς Ἴσθμια νικῶντας, ἱερὸν καὶ πάτριον στέμμα (5) (4.) <τὸ> τοῦ σελίνου νομίζοντες. ἔτι γὰρ τότε τῶν Ἰσθμίων, ὥσπερ νῦν τῶν (5.) Νεμείων, τὸ σέλινον ἦν στέφανος, οὐ πάλαι δ’ ἡ πίτυς γέγονεν.” (Plutarch, Life of Timoleon 8 Şubat 2005 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.).

[5] Todo: Oscar Broneer, ‘The Isthmian victory crown’, American Journal of Archaeology 66 (1962), pp.259–263.

[6] Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.1.7. None of the statues have survived.

[7] From Solon (638–558 BC) onwards, for he laid it down that “the victor in the Isthmian games was to be paid a hundred drachmas, and the Olympic victor five hundred” (Plutarch, Live of Solon 23.3). According to Diogenes Laertius, Solon “diminished the honours paid to Athletes who were victorious in the games, fixing the prize for a victor at Olympia at five hundred drachmae, and for one who conquered at the Isthmian games at one hundred” (Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Philosophers 1.55: Solon 2 Eylül 2010 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.; Greek). For comparison: the daily wage for a skilled worked was approximately 1 drachma. Victors in the Isthmian games were not included in those athletes that were entitled to free meals in the [Prytaneion] (IG I³ 131).

[8] Polybius, Histories 2.12.8.

[9] Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.2.4.

[10] Aristomache, a poetess from Erythraea, had won the prize at the Isthmian Games: … ὡς ἐν τῷ Σικυωνίων θησαυρῷ χρυσοῦν ἀνέκειτο βιβλίον Ἀριστομάχης ἀνάθημα τῆς Ἐρυθραίας ἐπικῷ … ποιήματι δὶς Ἴσθμια νενικηκυίας (Plutarch, Symposiacs/Quaestiones convivales 675b7–10 5.2 5 Ocak 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.).

[11] Pausanias, Description of Greece 6.15.3.

[12] ”ἐς ὃ Ἰσθμικὰς σπονδὰς Κορινθίων ἐπαγγειλάντων” (Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.2.1).

[13] Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.10.