Civitate Muharebesi

Civitate Muharebesi (Civitella del Fortore Muharebesi olarak da bilinir) Güney İtalya'da 18 Haziran 1053 günü Puglia Kontu Humphrey of Hauteville komutasında Normanlar ile Papa IX. Leo tarafından bir araya getirilip Lorraine Dükü Gerard ile Benevento Prensi Rudolf tarafından komuta edilen Svabya-İtalyan-Lombardlar arasında gerçekleşen ve Normanların galip geldiği savaştır.

Civitate Muharebesi
Civitate Muharebesi planı Kırmızı: Normanlar. Mavi: Papa koalisyonu.
Tarih 18 Haziran 1053 Bölge Civitella del Fortore (Foggia), İtalya yakını Sonuç Norman Zaferi
Taraflar
Normanlar	Papa koalisyonu Svabyalar, İtalyanlar, Lombardlar
Komutanlar ve liderler
Humphrey of Hauteville Robert Guiscard Richard Drengot	Rudolf of Benevento Gerard, Duke of Lorraine
Güçler
3,000 atlı c. 500 piyade	yaklaşık 6,000, piyade ve atlı

Kaynakça

Birincil kaynaklar

• medievalsicily.com The Medieval Mediterranean Islamic and Norman Sicily (800-1200), Chronicles and Narrative Sources with English translations by Graham Loud
• Amatus of Montecassino (translated by Prescott N. Dunbar and edited by Graham Loud). The History of the Normans. Rochester: The Boydell Press, 2004.
• Gaufredo Malaterra, De rebus gestis Rogerii Calabriae et Siciliae comitis et Roberti Guiscardi ducis fratris eius at The Latin Library
• Guillelmus Apuliensis, Gesta Roberti Wiscardi24 Ocak 2012 tarihinde WebCite sitesinde arşivlendi at The Latin Library

İkincil kaynaklar

• Brown, Gordon S. The Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily. Jefferson NC: McFarland, 2003.
• Eads, Valerie. "Civitate, Battle of," in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Edited by Clifford J. Rogers. Vol. 1. Oxford: University Press, 2010. pp. 402–403.
• Chalandon, Ferdinand. Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicilie. Paris: 1907.
• Joranson, Einar. "The Inception of the Career of the Normans in Italy: Legend and History." Speculum, Vol. 23, No. 3. (Jul., 1948), pp. 353–396.
• Le Patourel, John. "Normans and Normandy," in Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Vol. 9. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1989. pp. 159–170.
• Loud, Graham Alexander. "Continuity and change in Norman Italy: the Campania during the eleventh and twelfth centuries." Journal of Medieval History, Vol. 22, No. 4 (December, 1996), pp. 313–343.
• Loud, Graham Alexander. "How 'Norman' was the Norman Conquest of Southern Italy?" Nottingham Medieval Studies, Vol. 25 (1981), pp. 13–34.
• Loud, Graham Alexander. The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest. New York: Longman, 2000.
• Meschini, Marco, Battaglie Medievali, pp. 13–36.
• Norwich, John Julius. The Other Conquest. New York: Harper and Row, 1967.

Dış bağlantılar

• The Normans, a European People, by the European Commission
• Breve Chronicon Northmannicum19 Şubat 2012 tarihinde WebCite sitesinde arşivlendi (Latin).
• The Normans Jersey heritage trust
• Patrick Kelly The Normans: their history, arms and tactics22 Haziran 2018 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.