Międzymorze

Międzymorze veya Intermarium, I. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra Polonya lideri Józef Piłsudski tarafından Doğu Avrupa ülkeleri arasında bir federasyon önerisiydi.[1][2][3][4][5] Önerilen federasyona Baltık ülkeleri (Litvanya, Letonya, Estonya), Finlandiya, Belarus, Ukrayna, Macaristan, Romanya, Yugoslavya ve Çekoslovakya ile kısmen Bulgaristan'nın da katılması düşünülmekteydi.[6][7][8]

Międzymorze önerisi

Önerilen federasyonun amacı, 16. yüzyılın sonundan 18. yüzyılın sonuna kadar Lehistan Krallığı ile Litvanya Büyük Dükalığı'nı birleştiren Baltık Denizi'nden Karadeniz'e kadar uzanan Lehistan-Litvanya Birliği'ni yeniden canlandırmaktı. Bununla birlikte bu öneri bazı Litvanyalılar tarafından yeni kurulan ülkelerinin bağımsızlıklarına bir tehdit olarak ve bazı Ukraynalılar tarafından bağımsızlık isteklerini tehdit ettiği şeklinde algılanıyordu[9][10] ve Rusya ile Batılı güçlerin çoğu öneriye karşı çıktılar.[11][12]

Kaynakça

Aviel Roshwald, "Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, the Middle East and Russia, 1914–1923", Routledge (UK), 2001, 0-415-17893-2, p. 37
Richard K Debo, Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-192, McGill-Queen's Press, 1992, 0-7735-0828-7, p. 59.
James H. Billington, Fire in the Minds of Men, Transaction Publishers, 0-7658-0471-9, p. 432
Andrzej Paczkowski, "The Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom", Penn State Press, 2003, 0-271-02308-2, p. 10
David Parker, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, W. W. Norton & Company, 2001, 0-393-02025-8, p.194
Mark Hewitson, Matthew D'Auria Europe in Crisis: Intellectuals and the European Idea, 1917-1957 2012 Page 191
Miloslav Rechcígl, Studies in Czechoslovak history Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences in America - 1976 Volume 1 - Page 282 "This new policy, which was labeled the Intermarium, or Third Europe Project, called for the establishment of ..."
Fritz Taubert Mythos München: 2002 page 351 "... range détente with Germany and in the chance of creating a Polish-led "Third Europe" or "Intermarium" as illusory."
Oleksa Pidlutsky, "Figures of the 20th century. Józef Piłsudski: the Chief who Created a State for Himself," Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), Feb. 3–9, 2001, available online (Rusça) 26 Kasım 2005 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. and (Ukraynaca) 7 Kasım 2005 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi..
Roman Szporluk, Imperiia ta natsii, Kiev, Dukh i Litera, 2001, 966-7888-05-3, section II (Ukraynaca)
"Intermarium Alliance – Will the idea become reality?". www.unian.info. 26 Mart 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Ocak 2018.
Between Imperial Temptation And Anti-Imperial Function In Eastern European Politics: Poland From The Eighteenth To Twenty-First Century. Andrzej Nowak. 19 OCak 2018 tarihinde erişilmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar

Stefan Troebst, "'Intermarium' and 'Wedding to the Sea': Politics of History and Mental Mapping in East Central Europe," European Review of History, vol. 10, issue 2 (summer 2003), pp. 293–321. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
Alexei Fenenko, Geopolitics of Intermarium: Kiev’s Conduct Escalates Tensions in the Baltic-Black Sea Region, Valday Discussion Club, May 22, 2015.

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[1] Aviel Roshwald, "Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, the Middle East and Russia, 1914–1923", Routledge (UK), 2001, 0-415-17893-2, p. 37

[2] Richard K Debo, Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-192, McGill-Queen's Press, 1992, 0-7735-0828-7, p. 59.

[3] James H. Billington, Fire in the Minds of Men, Transaction Publishers, 0-7658-0471-9, p. 432

[4] Andrzej Paczkowski, "The Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom", Penn State Press, 2003, 0-271-02308-2, p. 10

[5] David Parker, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, W. W. Norton & Company, 2001, 0-393-02025-8, p.194

[6] Mark Hewitson, Matthew D'Auria Europe in Crisis: Intellectuals and the European Idea, 1917-1957 2012 Page 191

[7] Miloslav Rechcígl, Studies in Czechoslovak history Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences in America - 1976 Volume 1 - Page 282 "This new policy, which was labeled the Intermarium, or Third Europe Project, called for the establishment of ..."

[8] Fritz Taubert Mythos München: 2002 page 351 "... range détente with Germany and in the chance of creating a Polish-led "Third Europe" or "Intermarium" as illusory."

[Zerkalo3a-9] Oleksa Pidlutsky, "Figures of the 20th century. Józef Piłsudski: the Chief who Created a State for Himself," Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), Feb. 3–9, 2001, available online (Rusça) 26 Kasım 2005 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. and (Ukraynaca) 7 Kasım 2005 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi..

[Szporluk-10] Roman Szporluk, Imperiia ta natsii, Kiev, Dukh i Litera, 2001, 966-7888-05-3, section II (Ukraynaca)

[11] "Intermarium Alliance – Will the idea become reality?". www.unian.info. 26 Mart 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Ocak 2018.

[Nowak-12] Between Imperial Temptation And Anti-Imperial Function In Eastern European Politics: Poland From The Eighteenth To Twenty-First Century. Andrzej Nowak. 19 OCak 2018 tarihinde erişilmiştir.