Haplogrup Q-M242 (Y-DNA)

Haplogrup Q-M242 veya kısaca Haplogrup Q insanlarda görülen bir Y-DNA haplogrubu türü.

Haplogrup Q

Çıkış tarihi 17.000 - 22.000 yıl önce[1][2](başka bir kaynağa göre ise 31.400 yıl önce)[3]
Çıkış yeri Orta Asya,[4][5] Sibirya[6]
Köken P
Varyasyonlar Q-P36.2 (P36.2)
Mutasyonları M242
En yüksek frekansları Ketler 93.8%,[7] Türkmenler 73%,[8] Selkuplar 66.4%.,[7] Altaylar 63.6%.,[9] Tuvalar 62.5%.,[10] Çalkandular 60.0%.,[9] Tubalar 41%,[9] Sibirya Tatarları 38%,[11] , Amerikan yerlilerinin neredeyse tamamı

Kökenleri

Haplogrup Q-M242, P-M45 haplogrubunun iki alt kolundan birisidir.Haplogroup Q-M242 haplogrubunun yaklaşık 17.000-22.000 yıl önce Kuzey Asya'da doğduğuna inanılır.[12] (başka bir kaynağa göre ise günümüzden 31.400 yıl önce)[3]

Dağılımı

Haplogroup Q-M242 dünya üstünde en çok yayılım gösteren haplogruplardan birisidir. Amerika'da, Kuzey Afrika'da, Doğu Asya'da, Güney Asya'da, Batı Asya'da ve Avrupa'da rastlanılmaktadır.

Amerika

Q-M242 haplogrubuna Amerika yerlilerinde sıkça rastlanılmaktadır. Bunların Bering Boğazı aracılığıyla Sibirya'dan Amerika'ya göç eden gruplar olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bazı yerli gruplarının ise Bering Boğazı'ndan geçenler değil de daha sonradan kayıklar aracığıyla Amerika'ya göç edenler olduğu sanılmaktadır. Q-M242 haplogrubunun Amerika'da 4000 yıllık bir geçmişi olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Asya

Q-M242 haplogrubu Asya'da ortaya çıktığından burada geniş alanlara yayılmıştır.[2] Q-M242 haplogrubunun Altaylarda,[9] Hindistan'da,[13] Tibet'te,[14] Pakistan'da,[13] Çin'de,[15][16] Vietnam'da,[17] Moğolistan'da,[18] Tuvalarda,[19] and Uygurlarda var olduğu bilinmektedir.[18] Afganistan'da yapılan bir araştırmada 49 denekten 9'unda (%18) Q-M242 haplogrubuna rastlanılmıştır.[20] Haplogrup en yaygın Ket toplumlarında görülmektedir.

Avrupa

Norveç ve İsveç'te Q-M242 haplogrubunun dağılımı %3'tür. Slovak erkeklerinin yaklaşık %3 ve Sicilyalılar'ın %2.54'ünde Q-M242 haplogrubuna rastlanılmaktadır.

Kaynakça
  1. Fagundes, Nelson J. R.; Kanitz, Ricardo; Eckert, Roberta; Valls, Ana C. S.; Bogo, Mauricio R.; Salzano, Francisco M.; Smith, David Glenn; Silva, Wilson A.; Zago, Marco A.; Ribeiro-Dos-Santos, Andrea K.; Santos, Sidney E. B.; Petzl-Erler, Maria Luiza; Bonatto, Sandro L. (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (3). ss. 583-592. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. PMC 2427228 $2. PMID 18313026. 25 Mart 2009 tarihinde kaynağından (pdf) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Kasım 2009. Since the first studies, it has been found that extant Native American populations exhibit almost exclusively five "mtDNA haplogroups" (A–D and X)6 classified in the autochthonous haplogroups A2, B2, C1, D1, and X2a.7 Haplogroups A–D are found all over the New World and are frequent in Asia, supporting a northeastern Asian origin of these lineages
  2. Zegura, S. L.; Karafet, TM; Zhivotovsky, LA; Hammer, MF (2003). "High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas" (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (1). ss. 164-75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. PMID 14595095. 6 Eylül 2008 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 15 Ekim 2015.
  3. YFull-Experimental YTree v3.12
  4. "Y-DNA Haplogroup Q and its Subclades - 2010". 1 Mayıs 2011 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 15 Ekim 2015.
  6. "Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q". Wendy Tymchuk - Senior Technical Editor. Genebase Systems. 2008. 21 Ocak 2011 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2009. Haplogroup Q, possibly the youngest of the 20 Y-chromosome haplogroups, originated with the SNP mutation M242 in a man from Haplogroup P that likely lived in Siberia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years before present
  7. T. M. Karafet, 'High Levels of Y-Chromosome Differentiation among Native Siberian Populations and the Genetic Signature of a Boreal Hunter-Gatherer Way of Life', Human Biology, December 2002, v. 74, no. 6, pp. 761–789
  8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310645015_Gene_pool_of_Turkmens_from_Karakalpakstan_in_their_Central_Asian_context_Y-chromosome_polymorphism
  9. Kharkov, V. N.; Stepanov, V. A.; Medvedeva, O. F.; Spiridonova, M. G.; Voevoda, M. I.; Tadinova, V. N.; Puzyrev, V. P. (2007). "Gene Pool Differences between Northern and Southern Altaians Inferred from the Data on Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups". Genetika. 43 (5). ss. 675-687.
  10. ZHANG Yong-Ke, CHEN Zheng, FAN An, et al. (2009), "Genetic relationships between Tuva population and the neighboring populations in the Altai Region of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region." HEREDITAS (Beijing) 2009 August, 31(8): 818―824. ISSN 0253-9772. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1005.2009.00818
  11. Пять генофондов пяти субэтносов сибирских татар
  12. Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5). ss. 830-8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805 $2. PMID 18385274.
  13. "The Y Chromosome Consortium 2008". 22 Eylül 2008 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 15 Ekim 2015.
  16. Su, Bing; Xiao, Chunjie; Deka, Ranjan; Seielstad, Mark T.; Kangwanpong, Daoroong; Xiao, Junhua; Lu, Daru; Underhill, Peter; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Jin, Li (2000). "Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas". Human Genetics. 107 (6). ss. 582-90. doi:10.1007/s004390000406. PMID 11153912.
  18. Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2005). "Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (1). ss. 47-58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
  19. Pakendorf, Brigitte; Novgorodov, Innokentij N.; Osakovskij, Vladimir L.; Danilova, Al’Bina P.; Protod’Jakonov, Artur P.; Stoneking, Mark (2006). "Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts". Human Genetics. 120 (3). ss. 334-353. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2. PMID 16845541.
  20. Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, ve diğerleri. (2012). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLoS ONE. 7 (3). s. e34288. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501 $2. PMID 22470552. 22 Aralık 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 15 Ekim 2015.

Dış bağlantılar

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